DAB
Diaminobenzidine. Reagent used to detect / enhance bloody friction ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
A chemical technique used to develop friction ridge detail in blood through
oxidation. Can be used on both porous and nonporous items. Found to be very
hazardous.
DFO
1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one. The suffix ’-one’ (pronounced own) refers to the chemical make
up, as in acetone or lactone.
Compound that reacts with amino acids to produce friction ridge detail with fluorescent
properties when exposed to excitation wavelengths of 352-591 nm.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
A ninhydrin analog used to develop latent prints on porous items. Optimal
viewing is done with an alternate light source (352-591nm) and orange or red
goggles.
In 1989, C. A. Pounds, R. Griggs, and T. Monkolanssavaratana with the Department of
Chemistry, Belfast, Northern Ireland (per the FBI) introduced the reagent
1, 8-diazafluorenone (DFO), which is commercially available and used in the United
Kingdom. Unlike ninhydrin, DFO gives a weakly colored initial print; the main feature
of this reagent is its ability to give a fluorescent print without secondary treatment.
However, some investigators currently report difficulties with uniform print development
using DFO.
New Reagents for Development of Latent Fingerprints. NIJ 1995
http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/finger.txt 06-19-2003
DMAC
See Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde.
DPR
Dermatopathia Pigmentosa Reticularis. A genetic disorder passed down through the female
side of the family. DPR is caused by a gene that mutates during embryonic development
resulting in a lack of ridge detail and sweat glands. DPR is just one of several ectodermal
dysplasia (ED) syndromes.
Dactiloscopy or Dactiloscopia or Dactiloscopico
The fingerprint classification system developed by Juan Vucetich and used in most areas of
South America.
Dactylography
The study of fingerprints as a method of identification.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=dactylography 02-27-03
Also the title of Dr. Henry Faulds book published in 1905.
Dactyloscopic Point
A dactyloscopic point is a notable event that occurs in a regular flow of
papillary ridges that is subject of analysis. The event is a natural/biological
disturbance to the normal parallel system of the ridges ( e.g. a ridge stops or
starts), and is significant.
http://www.interpol.int/Public/Forensic/fingerprints/WorkingParties/IEEGFI2/default.asp#4
Dactyloscopy
Comparison of fingerprints for identification.
From the Hutchinson Encyclopaedia.
Helicon Publishing LTD 2000.
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/difficultwords/data/d0004226.html 04-06-2003
Identification by comparison of fingerprints: also: classification
of fingerprints.
Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. © 1997-2000.
http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/dactyloscopy.php 04-06-2003
Daoud, Ouhnane
See Mayfield, Brandon.
Daubert Court Cases (not a complete list)
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993)
General Electric Company v. Joiner (1997)
Kumho Tire Company v. Carmichael (1999)
United States v. Byron Mitchell (1999)
United States v. Plaza (2002)
Commonwealth v. Terry L. Patterson (2005)
Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals 1993
The Federal Court decision on the admissibility of scientific evidence and testimony in
a court of law. The Daubert decision stated on page 597, “….the Rules of Evidence—
especially Rule 702—do assign to the trial judge the task of ensuring that an expert’s
testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the task at hand.”
From page 592, “Faced with a proffer of expert scientific testimony, then, the trial
judge must determine at the outset, pursuant to Rule 104(a), whether the expert is
proposing to testify to (1) scientific knowledge that (2) will assist the trier of fact to
understand or determine a fact in issue. This entails a preliminary assessment of
whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically
valid and of whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to
the facts in issue.”
“Many factors will bear on the inquiry, and we do not presume to set out a definitive
checklist or test. But some general observations are appropriate.” The observations
they mentioned included, “whether the theory or technique in question can be
(and has been) tested, whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication,
its known or potential error rate and the existence and maintenance of standards
controlling its operation, and whether it has attracted widespread acceptance within
a relevant scientific community.” The acronym GTKPR, which stands for Gatekeeper,
was created by Glenn Langenburg in 2001 to help remember these factors. The
theories or technique should have:
(G)eneral Acceptance
(T)ested (has been)
(K)nown Standards
(P)eer Review and Publication
(R)ate of Error (known or potential)
Daubert is considered by some to be a lower criteria than Frye designed to let new
scientific evidence into court prior to it being generally accepted. Daubert stated,
“General acceptance is not a necessary precondition to the admissibility of scientific
evidence under the Federal Rules of Evidence…”.
In the Daubert case, Merrell Dow was sued by a mother whose baby had a congenital
disorder. That mother had taken Bendectin, an anti-nausea drug made by Merrell Dow,
during her pregnancy. Merrell Dow moved for summary judgment, claiming Bendectin
had not caused the child's disorder. In the affidavit authored by Dr. Steven H. Lamm,
the author testified that he had reviewed multiple published human studies and
concluded the use of Bendectin during the first trimester of pregnancy was not
supposed to be a health risk. In response to Merrell Dow's affidavit, the plaintiff
presented eight affidavits solely based on animal testings, claiming the existence of a
link between Bendectin and animal birth defects.
The court granted summary judgment for Merrell Dow and dismissed the case, finding
Daubert's experts relied on evidence "not sufficiently established to have general
acceptance in the field to which it belongs." The Court held that expert opinion which
is not based on data from the field of epidemiology concerning Bendectin is not
admissible to raise an issue regarding causation (in law) to the jury. In addition, the Court
also ruled that although Daubert's experts recalculated data obtained from previously
published epidemiologic studies, their findings were not considered admissible because
they were neither published nor subjected to peer review. The plaintiffs appealed the
decision, and, in due course, the case reached the U. S. Supreme Court
The Supreme Court did not apply their new Daubert standard to the case, but rather
reversed the decision and remanded the case to the Ninth Circuit court. On remand, the
Ninth Circuit applied the Daubert standard and again granted summary judgment for the
defendant.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daubert_Standard 05-27-2006
Daubert Trilogy
The 3 main Daubert cases that set the requirements for admissibility of expert testimony.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993)
General Electric Company v. Joiner (1997)
Kumho Tire Company v. Carmichael (1999)
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from the general to the particular
WordNet ® 1.6, © 1997 Princeton University
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=deductive%20reasoning 02-27-03
DeForest, Henry Pelouse (AKA DeForrest) (1864-1948)
Pioneered the first systematic use of fingerprints in the United States by
the New York Civil Service Commission.
http://www.forensicdna.com/Timeline020702.pdf 03-08-2003
Henry DeForest was the Chief Medical Examiner for New York City. In 1902,
he was asked to recommend a method of identification. This was intended as
a means of stopping potential employees from hiring others to take the civil
service exams for them. The first person was fingerprinted on Dec. 19, 1902.
His recommendation of using fingerprints was the first use of fingerprints by
a United States government agency and considered the second use of fingerprints
in the United States (after Gilbert Thompson). DeForest also invented the
dactyloscope, http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM03214.html.
Degloving
The unintentional separation of the skin from the hands or feet, usually
as a whole which resembles a glove. This is the result of a deceased
body's prolonged immersion in water.
Delta
That point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence of two type
lines, and located at or directly in front of the point of divergence.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Classification term for triradius.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
A term introduced by Galton to indicate the small area where 3 folds meet.
Personal Identification, Wentworth and Wilder 1918 pg. 117.
Deposition Pressure
The amount of downward pressure during the deposition of a print.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Dermabrasion
A technique using chemicals, wire brush, surgery or lasers which can case either
temporary or permanent loss of ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Dermal
Relative to the skin or dermis.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Dermal Papillae
Peg-like formations on the surface of the dermis.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Aka dermal pegs or papillary pegs.
Dermal Papillae increases the surface area between the dermis and the epidermis,
allowing for a stronger bond. As a person ages the dermal papillae flattens,
which creates less of a bond resulting in loose skin and creating wrinkles and
creases. The flattening of the dermal papillae also creates less of a difference
in height between the ridges and the furrows.
Dermal Pegs
See Dermal Papillae.
Dermal Ridges.
The ridges in the papillary layer of the dermis that connect to the bottom
ridges of the epidermis. Also called papillary ridges.
Dermatoglyphics
Study of the surface markings of the skin; friction ridges.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Cummins and Midlo were professors of Microscopic Anatomy at Tulane
University in the United States, and it was they who in fact coined the
term 'dermatoglyphics' in 1926 (derma = skin, glyph = carving).
http://users.breathemail.net/chiro/chiro/dermatoglyphics.htm 04-26-03
Usually associated with the study of fingerprint patterns and their
association with heredity, race, and medical conditions.
Dermatopathia Pigmentosa Reticularis (DPR)
A genetic disorder passed down through the female side of the family. DPR is caused by a
gene that mutates during embryonic development resulting in a lack of ridge detail and sweat
glands. DPR is just one of several ectodermal dysplasia (ED) syndromes.
A rare genetic ectodermal dysplasia in which ridge dysplasia is seen. Naegeli –
Franceschetti – Jadassohn Syndrome and Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia are just
two other ectodermal dysplasias where dermatoglyphic aberrations are seen.
Professor Julian Verbov 04-19-08
Dermis
The layer of skin beneath the epidermis.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
The layer of skin under the epidermis; the true skin.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
The layer of skin beneath the epidermis consisting of two layers, the
papillary layer and the reticular layer. The dermis provides nutrients to
the epidermis.
Desmosomes
Desmosomes are responsible for lateral cell-to-cell adhesion. The cells in the
epidermis are connected with desmosomes. As the cells are pushed to the surface
by newly forming cells they eventually break apart and are sloughed off.
This is called desquamation.
Desquamation
The separation or shedding of the cuticle or epidermis in the form of flakes
or scales; exfoliation, as of bones.
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=desquamation
Determination
To decide or settle authoritatively or conclusively.
Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary, Office Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Publishing Co. Copyright 1984, Berkley Addition.
The settling of a question or case by an authoritative decision or
pronouncement, especially by a judicial body: The choice of a foster
home was left to the determination of the court.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=determination
Develop
To promote a change in physical attributes, making an item more pronounced or
prominent. To enhance.
With regard to latent development, examiners change the physical attributes
making the original latent more usable.
With regard to fetal friction skin development (or formation), development may
insinuate initial creation.
Development Medium
The substance used to develop friction ridge prints ,i.e., powder
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Dichloromethane
Solvent used in the preparation of liquid Iodine reagent. See Methylene chloride.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Differential Growth
Develops at random without plan.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
See Theory of Differential Growth.
Differentiation
Becoming different, i.e., the cells of an embryo differentiate into organs
and parts as it grows; specific friction ridge patterns become unique.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
The process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more
specialized form or function, especially during embryonic development.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=differentiation 03-08-2003
Digit
A toe or finger.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Dillinger, John (1903-1934)
Dillinger is noted for trying to elude law enforcement by mutilating his
fingerprints. He obliterated the cores and the deltas in all ten of his
fingers.
Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde
Better known as DMAC. A chemical used to develop friction ridge detail
on thermal paper. This alternative to using DFO or ninhydrin doesn't
turn thermal paper black. Refrigeration is needed to store the treated
transfer sheets that are used in this procedure. The developed friction
ridge detail has fluorescent properties when exposed to wavelengths of
400-500 nm.
Discrepancy
A difference in two friction ridge impressions due to different
sources of the impressions (exclusion).
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
See One Discrepancy Rule.
Dissimilarity
See Discrepancy.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Another opinion: Dissimilarity means different. In terms of friction ridge
identification, two impressions may be dissimilar in appearance or they
may be dissimilar in friction ridge characteristics. Some examples of
dissimilarities in appearance may be the size of a print, the thickness of
ridges, the color of the ridges, the distance between characteristics,
level 3 characteristics being absent in one impression, etc. A latent print
may be individualized even though dissimilarities exist between the latent
print and the known print. Sometimes there are visual clues that make
dissimilarities explainable. Other times there are no visual signs of why a
dissimilarity exists but individualization may still take place if the information
between the known and the unknown print is overwhelming in agreement.
Dissociated Ridges
Disrupted, rather that continuous, ridges; an area of ridge units
that did not form into friction ridges.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
An area of ridge units that did not form into friction ridges.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Distal
Farthest away from the center or point of attachment. The direction
away from the body.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Away from the center or point of origin.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Distal Inter-Phalangeal Flexion Crease
The top crease in a finger.
Distal Transverse Crease
The crease above the proximal transverse crease.
Distortion
Variances in the reproduction of friction skin caused by pressure, movement,
force, contact surfaces, etc.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Distortion Clues (not a complete list)
Fault line (shadowing where two impressions might meet)
Notch (uneven edges when 2 prints might meet)
Misaligned ridges
Disturbance in ridge flow
Multiple vvv’s or multiple bifurcations
Overlapping ridges (superimposed ridges)
Divergence
The separation of two friction ridges that have been running parallel or
nearly parallel.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Dizygotic
Derived from two separately fertilized eggs. Used to describe fraternal twins
and distinguish them from identical twins (monozygotic).
Doctrine
Belief, what is taught as a group's belief.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Documentation (amount needed)
Providing documentation is a way to demonstrate correct application of any
process. There are generally two forms of documentation. Contemporaneous
documentation is useful for physical task that can’t be recreated at a later date.
Documentation of the justification behind a conclusion is useful for analytical
tasks than can be recreated later.
Documentation stating the basis or justification for a conclusion is more
desirable when a conclusion isn’t clearly apparent to other experts in the
field (complex examinations), or when unusual occurrences are present.
The amount of documentation depends on the complexity of the data and/or
the situation. Documentation of the analytical process isn’t required for
every comparison but it is a scientific protocol to provide documentation if
anyone should ask for it.
Dogma
Statements from an authoritative source that are accepted as being true without
having proof.
Dondero, John A. (Nov. 11, 1900-Aug. 1957)
John A. Dondero was a pioneer in the science of investigation and identification.
After graduating from college with a degree in Chemical Engineering, John Dondero
became interested in this newly developing field. During his life he created
many valuable inventions that aided forensic practitioners. In the early 1930's,
after seeing his daughter's footprints taken at birth, he developed the first
clean and inkless system for taking fingerprints. He also developed the first
fingerprint ink and the first commercially available fingerprint powder. At the
time most powders were prepared and ground by hand. Around this time he
established the Faurot Forensic Company, named after the famous New York Police
Department detective. This company is now owned by Sirchie Finger Print
Laboratories. One main historical event that Mr. Dondero was involved with was
the famous 1944 Hartford Circus fire. He was instrumental in identifying 168
bodies from this tragedy. After World War II, at the request of New York City
and Nassau County Police, Mr. Dondero founded a school where he taught
classification, latent print development, crime scene investigation and taking
and comparing fingerprints. The contributions John Dondero gave to the
fingerprint community will forever be remembered. In 1958, the IAI recognized
these significant contributions by adopting the IAI John A. Dondero Memorial
Award. It is the highest honor an IAI member can receive. It is awarded for
the most significant contribution in the area of identification and allied
sciences during the calendar year immediately preceding each annual conference.
Its first recipient was J. Edgar Hoover. Only 18 people have received this
award since inception.
The IAI 89th Annual Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, Aug. 27th, 2004, by Marilyn Picard.
Dorsal
The backside of the hand, the nonpalmar side.
Dot
An isolated ridge unit whose length approximates its width in size.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Double Blind Testing
Double Blind Testing is a valid scientific method of testing a hypothesis. This
method implements Blind Testing with the additional element of concealing
the fact that the practitioner is part of a test (this information may also be
concealed from the person administering the test). The intent behind double
blind testing is to eliminate that people may arrive at different conclusions
when they know they are being tested. Double Blind Testing tests the reliability
of a conclusion (the reproducibility) but it doesn’t test the validity of the
conclusion (how the conclusion was arrived at), therefore Double Blind
Testing isn’t considered a valid form of peer review. Restricting information
may be beneficial in testing for bias but it may severely impact a conclusion
if relevant information is being limited.
Double Blind Verification
A valid scientific method of testing the reliability (reproducibility) of a conclusion
by giving the same information to others to independently analyze without being
influence by knowing the conclusion of others and not knowing that they are
involved in a test. The intent behind double blind verification is to eliminate
that people may arrive at different conclusions when they know they are being
tested.
Double Impression
A double impression can refer to either overlapping prints (overlays) or double taps.
Double Tap
A subtle double impression where additional friction ridges will coincide or be close to running
in the same direction as the existing ridge flow. Double taps are made in close time proximity to
the first friction ridge impression. Double Taps are made by the same finger.
Charles Parker 09-06-2006
Dragon's Blood Powder
Dragon's Blood fingerprint powder is made from the resin of the rattan palm.
The advantage of using this powder is that you can visualize latent prints on
light, dark, and multi-colored surfaces.
Dror, Dr. Itiel
Itiel Dror is a cognitive researcher at the School of Psychology at the University
of Southampton, UK. He specializes in cognitive aspects involved in fingerprint
identification. This not only includes decision criteria and perceptual issues, but
also issues pertaining to selection and training of fingerprint experts, as well as
the use & integration of technology. For more details, please see:
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~id/
Dry-Benching
Reporting results from tests that were not actually done. Also referred to as Dry-Labbing.
Dry-Labbing
Reporting results from tests that were not actually done. Also referred to as Dry-Benching.
Duct
A tube or canal that delivers secretions or excretions.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Duplicate Lift
Taking subsequent lifts from the same area of the same surface with the intention of
improving the quality and contrast of the latent print being lifted.
Dysplasia
Ridge units that did not form complete friction ridges due to a genetic cause.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge units that did not form friction ridges due to a genetic cause.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
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